He married Maria Maddalena of Austria, with whom he had his eight children, including Margherita de' Medici, Ferdinando II de' Medici, and an Anna de' Medici. Set in the 15th century, Medici: Masters of Florence investigates a death in Florence's all-powerful Medici family: the controllers of Europe's largest bank. [35], Grand Duke Ferdinado was obsessed with new technology, and had a variety of hygrometers, barometers, thermometers, and telescopes installed in the Palazzo Pitti. Ferdinando's marriage to Vittoria della Rovere produced two children: Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro. Their collective regency is known as the Turtici. Add the anchovies and cook 5 minutes, mashing the anchovies. Descendants of members of the silk guild and descendants of attorneys both at the 93rd percentile in 1427 are among the wealthiest families today. Catherine de' Medici became the Queen of France, and as History tells us, the family produced no less than four popes. [18], Three successive generations of the MediciCosimo, Piero, and Lorenzoruled over Florence through the greater part of the 15th century. But then decay set in. Azure, three fleurs-de-lis or) was granted by Louis XI in 1465. The Medici bank was founded by Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici in Florence in 1397. Giulia Romola di Alessandro de' Medici [1] (c. 1535 - c. 1588) was the illegitimate, possibly multiracial, [2] daughter of Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence and his mistress Taddea Malaspina . All Rights Reserved. Known for writing cheques to Michelangelo, the Medici have of late been airing some dirty laundry as a handful of their descendants fall into a spat. [30] The Grand Duke alone had the prerogative to exploit the state's mineral and salt resources, and the fortunes of the Medici were directly tied to the Tuscan economy.[30]. Princes William and Charles and Queen Elizabeth can trace their lineage to Cosimo de' Medici's (played by Richard Madden in Season 1 of 'Medici') younger brother, Lorenzo the Elder. Both businesses were very profitable and the family became extremely wealthy. They had a major influence on the growth of the Italian Renaissance through their patronage of the arts and humanism. The familys roots supposedly are linked to one of Charlemagnes eighth-century knights, named Averardo. By the 1520s, few descendants of Cosimo the Elder remained. On 4 April 1718, Great Britain, France and the Dutch Republic (also later, Austria) selected Don Carlos of Spain, the elder child of Elisabeth Farnese and Philip V of Spain, as the Tuscan heir. The building is now the site of Florence's famed Uffizi Gallery, home to Michelangelos statue of David and many other great Renaissance-era treasures amassed by the Medicis since the time of Cosimo the Elder. "They are doing this without asking permission," said Marchese Giuliano Medici Tornaquinci, an elder of the family clan that now lives in Rome. The Medici family were patrons of Galileo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Michelangelo. Ferdinando, although no longer a cardinal, exercised much influence at successive conclaves. Despite the presence of some Medici in the city's government institutions, they were still far less notable than other outstanding families such as the Albizzi or the Strozzi. His sister (Anna Maria Luisa if nemory serves) survived him for a few years, but couldnt't give birth to any heir. The Medici family had a long and powerful influence in European history for hundreds of years. [50] Upon her brother's death, she received all the House of Medici's allodial possessions. Acting, Distant cousin of Alessandro de' Medici, Son of. Gian Gastone despised the electress for engineering his catastrophic marriage to Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg; while she abhorred her brother's liberal policies, he repealed all of his father's anti-Semitic statutes. The Medici family ruled the city of Florence throughout the Renaissance. Main article: House of Medici Contents 1Root Medici Tree 2Medici family tree (Grand Dukes of Tuscany) 3Structure of the family tree lines 4The descendants line 4.1Origins 4.2Branch of Salvestro di Averardo 4.3Branch of Cafaggiolo 4.4Branch of Popolano (Trebbio)/Grand Ducal Branch 5Cornerstone figures of the line of succession 6Places 7See also Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici, the first patron of the arts in the family, aided Masaccio and commissioned Filippo Brunelleschi for the reconstruction of the Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence in 1419. The family's influence grew with its patronage of wealth, art, and culture. It provided the Roman Catholic Church with four popes (Leo X, Clement VII, Pius IV, and Leon XI) and married into the royal families of Europe (most notably in France, in the persons of Queens Catherine de Mdici and Marie de Mdicis). The Medici family . He was interred in the Basilica of San Lorenzo, the Medici's necropolis. [15] The next year, however, a pro-Medici Signoria (civic government) led by Tommaso Soderini, Oddo Altoviti and Lucca Pitti was elected and Cosimo returned. One Salvestro de' Medici was speaker of the woolmakers' guild during the Ciompi revolt of 137882, and one Antonio de' Medici was exiled from Florence in 1396. Alessandro de Medici, for instance, who ruled the Florentine republic in the early 1500s, is believed by some historians to have been the famed Lorenzo de Medici's illegitimate son. They were more than beneficent and ostentatious patrons of the arts; they were also enlightened and were probably the most magnificent such patrons that the West has ever seen. Contents 1 Background, pedigree and family ties 1.1 Henry II of France 1.2 Catherine de' Medici 2 Children 3 Descendants of Elizabeth of Valois The House of Medici produced 4 popes - Leo X (1513-1521), Clement VII (1523-1534), Pius IV (1559-1565) and Leo XI (1605). What happened to the Medici money? After 1340 an economic depression throughout Europe forced these more powerful houses into bankruptcy. Main article: House of Medici Contents 1Root Medici Tree 2Medici family tree (Grand Dukes of Tuscany) 3Structure of the family tree lines 4The descendants line 4.1Origins 4.2Branch of Salvestro di Averardo 4.3Branch of Cafaggiolo 4.4Branch of Popolano (Trebbio)/Grand Ducal Branch 5Cornerstone figures of the line of succession 6Places 7See also The Medici family has also been the subject of medico-historical interest, as many of its most prominent figures were known to have suffered from debilitating illnesses throughout their lives. The Art of Living and Giving. After securing Alessandro de' Medici's dukedom, Pope Clement VII married off his first cousin, twice removed, Catherine de' Medici, to the son of Emperor Charles V's arch-enemy, King Francis I of Francethe future King Henry II. In commemoration of the deaths of Giuliano and Lorenzo, the two who had died relatively young, the family commissioned Michelangelo to complete the famous Medici Tombs in Florence. But in 1298, one of the leading banking families of Europe, the Bonsignoris, went bankrupt, and the city of Siena lost its status as the banking centre of Italy to Florence. Inheriting from his forebears a deep respect for arts and letters, he became a poet himself as well as a patron of artists and a skilled statesman. Upon Vittoria's death in 1694, her allodial possessions, the Duchies of Rovere and Montefeltro, passed to her younger son. [26] To strengthen the new Franco-Tuscan alliance, he married his niece, Marie, to Henry IV of France. At the b ottom left, the representation of the river divinity of the Arno can be seen. [12] Until the late 14th century, the leading family of Florence was the House of Albizzi. Just supporting arts and culture can attract trade and commerce, tourism and . Pius II granted the Medici family a monopoly on the mining there, making them the primary producers of alum in Europe.[24]. Cosimo purchased a portion of the island of Elba from the Republic of Genoa and based the Tuscan navy there. The family originated in the Mugello region of Tuscany, and prospered gradually until it was able to fund the Medici Bank. For the pharmaceutical company, see, Minerva, Mercury and Pluto pay homage to the Electress Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, The Medieval World Europe 11001350 by Friedrich Heer, 1998 Germany. Against the opposition of Catherine de' Medici, Paul III and their allies, he prevailed in various battles to conquer Florence's hated rival Siena and found the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. At least half, probably more, of Florence's people were employed by the Medici and their foundational branches in business. In general, the later Medici line renounced the older generations republican sympathies and established more authoritarian rule, a change that produced stability in Florence and Tuscany, but led to the regions decline as a cultural hub. [36] In 1657, Leopoldo de' Medici, the Grand Duke's youngest brother, established the Accademia del Cimento, organized to attract scientists to Florence from all over Tuscany for mutual study. [37], Tuscany participated in the Wars of Castro (the last time Medicean Tuscany proper was involved in a conflict) and inflicted a defeat on the forces of Pope Urban VIII in 1643. There, by the following century, the Medici were counted among the wealthy notables, although in the second rank, after leading families of the city. Medici Giovanni (de') 1360 - 1429 Bueri Piccarda 1368 - 1433 Bardi Alessandro (de') 1360 - Pannocchieschi Camilla - Medici Cosimo (de') 1389 - 1464 Bardi Lotta (de') 1391 - 1473 Medici Piero (de') 1416 - 1472 Tornabuoni Lucrezia - Medici Lorenzo (de') 1449 - 1492 View full family tree Source : 19riccardo60 More information Eldest son of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. The exile of the Medici lasted until 1512, after which the "senior" branch of the familythose descended from Cosimo the Elderwere able to rule until the assassination of Alessandro de' Medici, first Duke of Florence, in 1537. The couple first lived in Palazzo Bardi before Cosimo, being ambitious, decided to have a mansion of his own. The Medici lacked male heirs, and by 1705, the grand ducal treasury was virtually bankrupt. Giulia de' Medici. Prince Lorenzo de' Medici relates his experiences in giving back to the world and continuing the philanthropic legacy of his de' Medici namesake. [1], Coat of Arms of the Grand-Duke of Tuscany, Coat of Arms of Catherine of Medici, as Queen of France, Coat of Arms of Maria of Medici, as Queen of France, Coat of Arms of the Grand-Duchy of Tuscany, Italian banking family and political dynasty, "Medicis" redirects here. When Cosimo I moved the Florentine administrative offices into a building known as the Uffizi, he also established a small museum. He served on the Florentine board of war, called the Dieci (The Ten), and held other posts. Catherine de Medici. Giovannis elder son, Cosimo de Medici (1389-1464), rose to political power in 1434 and ruled Florence as an uncrowned monarch for the rest of his life. They were well known for their banking prowess and are synonymous as an unparalleled patron of the. The Medici controlled the Medici Bankthen Europe's largest bankand an array of other enterprises in Florence and elsewhere. Through banking and commerce, the Medicis rose to become one of the most important families in Florence. [11] The dynasty began with the founding of the Medici Bank in Florence in 1397. This century-long rule was interrupted only on two occasions (between 14941512 and 15271530), when anti-Medici factions took control of Florence. Lorenzo's son Piero II took over as the head of Florence after Lorenzo's death. Europe largely ignored Cosimo's plan. Legend says the dynasty descended from a giant-slaying knight. After only two years in power, he was forced out of the city in 1494, and died in exile. Anna Maria Luisa signed the Patto di Famiglia ("family pact") on 31 October 1737. The line of the Princes of Ottajano, an extant branch of the House of Medici who were eligible to inherit the grand duchy of Tuscany when the last male of the senior branch died in 1737, could have carried on as Medici sovereigns but for the intervention of Europe's major powers, which allocated the sovereignty of Florence elsewhere. [19] These three members of the Medici family had great skills in the management of so "restive and independent a city" as Florence. Their influence had declined by the late 14th century, however, when Salvestro de Medici (then serving as gonfaliere, or standard bearer, of Florence) was banished from the city in 1382 due to his oppressive policies and was forced to live in exile. His two sons were Piero (1416-69) and Giovanni (1424-63). Francesco married Johanna of Austria, and with his consort produced Eleonora de' Medici, Duchess of Mantua, and Marie de' Medici, Queen of France and Navarre. He was not a liberal patron and commissioned little, his patronage guided purely by political motives. Unlike his father, Piero had little interest in the arts. In the same year, 1532, Clement VII abolished the citys old constitution. In 1293, the Ordinances of Justice were enacted; effectively, they became the constitution of the Republic of Florence throughout the Italian Renaissance. Known to history as Cosimo the Elder, he lived a spartan life but was a devoted patron of the humanities, supporting artists such as Lorenzo Ghiberti, Filippo Brunelleschi, Donatello and Fra Angelico. Giovanni de Medici first brought the family to prominence in Florence by starting the Medici bank. In the 16th century a third line renounced republican notions and imposed its tyranny, and its members made themselves a dynasty of grand dukes of Tuscany. However, the Medici family did afford the scientist a safe haven for many years. Following the assassination of Duke Alessandro, power passed to the "junior" Medici branchthose descended from Lorenzo the Elder, the youngest son of Giovanni di Bicci, starting with his great-great-grandson Cosimo I "the Great.". A scouting party was sent out, and in late December the read more. He initiated the Medici's rise to power. Lorenzo the Elder and His Heirs. Cosimos elder son Francis succeeded his father, but proved a less effective ruler. They were among the earliest businesses to use the general ledger system of accounting through the development of the double-entry bookkeeping system for tracking credits and debits. Medici, one of Italy's most celebrated clans. Medici is the plural of medico, meaning "medical doctor". To ensure the continuance of his family's success, Lorenzo planned his children's future careers for them. He commanded the draining of the Tuscan marshlands, built a road network in southern Tuscany and cultivated trade in Livorno. In addition to commissions for art and architecture, the Medici were prolific collectors and today their acquisitions form the core of the Uffizi museum in Florence. Father of, Cousin of Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino, son of. Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence (1511-1537) was the illegitimate son of Clement VII but officially the illegitimate son of Lorenzo de' Medici. More famous descendants of the Medici family would include the royal family of Britain. The background shows the family's influence in the region. Cosimo de Medici Another branch of the family, descended from Salvestro's distant cousin Giovanni di Bicci de Medici, would begin the great Medici dynasty. Fanciful stories depict the images as pills or cupping glasses, a late-medieval medical instrument used to draw blood. In the 15th century the principal branch of the family acquired great wealth from banking and commerce and used it to exercise political influence in the Florentine republic, but in the 16th century the republic gave way to a . A tradition dating back to the sixteenth century suggests that Alessandro de' Medici, an illegitimate child of the Florentine banking family who in 1532 became duke of Florence, was the son of an Afro-European woman. [57] Lorenzo also served as patron to Leonardo da Vinci (14521519) for seven years. . The Medici were expelled from Florence from 1494 to 1512 after Piero acceded to all of the demands of invader Charles VIII of France. Brother of Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici, third son of Lorenzo the Magnificent. They were generous patrons of the arts who commissioned masterpieces such as Raphael's Transfiguration and Michelangelo's The Last Judgment; however, their reigns coincided with troubles for the Vatican, including Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation and the infamous sack of Rome in 1527. This MEDICI index was pre-built so it loads quickly. The origins. By the early 1520s, few descendants of Cosimo the Elder remained. The last ruler of the House of Medici was Gian Gastone, who died in 1737. Palaces of the Medici Family in Florence. Introduction. During Cosimos time, as well as that of his sons and particularly his grandson Lorenzo de Medici, the Italian Renaissance flourished, and Florence became the cultural center of Europe. Corrections? The Medici family had up to ten bank branches: in Avignon, Venice, Rome, Naples, Milan, Pisa, Geneva, Lyon, Bruges, and London. As I have had more honour and responsibility among you than any private citizen has had in our day, I am more bound than any other person to serve our country, even at the risk of my life. The Medici family, also known as the House of Medici, was a wealthy, powerful, and influential family that lived and operated in the city of Florence, Italy during the Renaissance in the 13th. His conduct at the banquets was less than regal; he often vomited repeatedly into his napkin, belched, and regaled those present with socially inappropriate jokes. Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine, Anna Maria Luisa's spouse, successfully requisitioned the dignity Royal Highness for the Grand Duke and his family in 1691, despite the fact that they had no claim to any kingdom. Giulio de' Medici, the illegitimate son of Lorenzo the Magnificent's brother Giuliano, abdicated power in 1523 to become Pope Clement VII, and the short and brutal rule of Alessandro (reputed to be Giulio's own illegitimate son) ended with his assassination in 1537. A distant cousin of Salvestro was Averardo de Medici (or Bicci), whose progeny became the famous Medici of history. That November, the ship landed on the shores of Cape Cod, in present-day Massachusetts. The Medici produced four popes of the Catholic ChurchPope Leo X (15131521), Pope Clement VII (15231534), Pope Pius IV (15591565)[5] and Pope Leo XI (1605)and two queens of FranceCatherine de' Medici (15471559) and Marie de' Medici (16001610). For example: Direct descendants of early Carolingian Kings of Italy - are also either direct descendants or distant cousins of Cosimo I de' Medici, Duke of Florence & Grand . How did Medici family end? [33], Cosimo's elder son, Ferdinando, was not yet of legal maturity to succeed him, thus Maria Maddalena and his grandmother, Christina of Lorraine, acted as regents. I have decided, with your approval, to sail for Naples immediately, believing that as I am the person against whom the activities of our enemies are chiefly directed, I may, perhaps, by delivering myself into their hands, be the means of restoring peace to our fellow-citizens. Giovanni died in 1429 and his son, Cosimo de' Medici, inherited the family business. [38], Ferdinando died on 23 May 1670 afflicted by apoplexy and dropsy. Updates? [sibling (s) unknown] Husband of Leonor lvarez (Toledo) de Medici married 29 Mar 1539 (to 17 Dec 1562) in By Proxy. The Habsburgs were deposed in favor of the House of Bourbon-Parma in 1801 (themselves deposed in 1807), but were later restored at the Congress of Vienna. https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/medici-family. [60] Marie de' Medici, widow of Henry IV of France and mother of Louis XIII, is the subject of a commissioned cycle of paintings known as the Marie de' Medici cycle, painted for the Luxembourg Palace by court painter Peter Paul Rubens in 162223. Cosimo the Elder, the first of the Medici to gain notable political status in Florence, married the daughter of a very prestigious Florentine family. He was called "Piero the Gouty" because of the gout that pained his foot and led to his death. The Medici villa of Cafaggiolo was the family's Mugello home, located near present day Barberino di Mugello. The curtains closed on almost 300 years of Medici rule in Florence with the death of Gian Gastone de' Medici, the seventh family member to serve as grand duke of Tuscany. It would also have reflected the family's interest in Etruscan art and culture. He served on the Florentine board of war, called the Dieci (The Ten), and held other posts. Cosimo III married Marguerite Louise d'Orlans, a granddaughter of Henry IV of France and Marie de' Medici. In 1534, following a lengthy illness, Pope Clement VII diedand with him the stability of the Medici's "senior" branch. Assuming the mantle of family power from Lorenzo, Piero alienated the people of Florence by siding with the French. In the 15th century the line of Cosimo the Elder set up a hereditary principate in Florence but without legal right or title, hence subject to sudden overthrow; crowns burgeoned, however, on the last branches of their genealogical tree, for two of them were dukes outside Florence, their last heir in a direct line became queen of France (Catherine de Mdicis), and their final offspring, Alessandro, was duke of Florence. [79], Old coat of arms of the Medici used by Giovanni di Bicci and Cosimo the Elder, The intermediate coat of arms of the Medici, Or, six balls in orle gules, The "augmented coat of arms of the Medici, Or, five balls in orle gules, in chief a larger one of the arms of France (viz. [34] Upon the death of the last Duke of Urbino (Francesco Maria II), instead of claiming the duchy for Ferdinando, who was married to the Duke of Urbino's granddaughter and heiress, Vittoria della Rovere, they permitted it to be annexed by Pope Urban VIII. The Medici were responsible for a high proportion of the major Florentine works of art created during their period of rule. The mob hastened to seek out Salvestros first cousin, Vieri, who was, however, able to fade away without losing face. Despite all of these incentives for economic growth and prosperity, the population of Florence at the dawn of the 17th century was a mere 75,000, far smaller than the other capitals of Italy: Rome, Milan, Venice, Palermo and Naples. In addition, the early Medici resolutely courted favour with the middle and poorer classes in the city, and this determination to be popolani (plebeian) endured a long time after them. The Descendants of Cosimo de' Medici Lorenzo was a poet himself, and supported the work of such Renaissance masters as Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo (whom the Medicis commissioned to complete their family tombs in Florence). Piero, oldest of the children of Lorenzo the Magnificent, fathered one son, also named Lorenzo (14921519), who in turn had a daughter, Catherine (151989), who became queen of France as wife of Henry II; three of her four sons became kings of France. Salvestro more or less willingly stirred up an insurrection of the ciompi, the artisans of the lowest class, against his rivals and, after the rebellions victory, was not above reaping substantial monetary and titular advantages. Eleonora, Duchess of Mantua (1566-1611) Romola (1568) Anna (1569-1584) Isabella (1571-1572) Lucrezia (1572-1574) Maria, Queen of France (1573-1642) married Henry IV of France. Etruscan art and culture of rule little, his patronage guided purely by political motives granddaughter of Henry of! Progeny became the famous Medici of history son, Cosimo de & # x27 ; s celebrated. Medici ( or Bicci ), and Michelangelo of Cape Cod, present-day! The Republic of Genoa and based the Tuscan marshlands, built a road network in southern Tuscany and trade! And died in 1737 virtually bankrupt ( or Bicci ), and Michelangelo and.. Commerce, tourism and a Distant cousin of Lorenzo II de ' Medici become one of Italy & x27! 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