The Taiping Rebellion, also known as the Taiping Civil War or the Taiping Revolution, was a massive rebellion and civil war that was waged in China between the Manchu -led Qing dynasty and the Han, Hakka -led Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Rebellion Rebellion Be Yourself Identity Being True To Yourself Pride Freedom Existence Learning Nostalgia Truth Poetry Success Learning Creativity Being Free World God Obedience. Although Karl Marx wrote several articles about the Taipings, he did not perceive a social program or agenda for change, only violence and destruction. combined with the appeal of the. 1868, the total cost of human lives was nearly 20 million. 2 [20] Anti-Manchu sentiments were strongest in southern China among the Hakka community, a Han Chinese subgroup. Upon visiting Nanking, McCartee described the situation in the city as "Dreadful destruction of life." [61] As the Taiping rebellion lost ground, particularly after the fall of Nanjing in 1864, former Taiping soldiers and commanders like Lai Wenguang were incorporated into Nian ranks. Taiping Rebellion, (1850-64) Large-scale rebellion against the Qing dynasty and the presence of foreigners in China. [92] Reportedly in the province of Guangdong, it is written that 1,000,000 were executed because after the collapse of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Qing dynasty launched waves of massacres against the Hakkas, that at their height killed up to 30,000 each day. [12], Little is known about how the Taiping referred to the war, but the Taiping often referred to the Qing in general and the Manchus in particular as some variant of demons or monsters (), representing Hong's proclamation that they were fighting a holy war to rid the world of demons and establish paradise on earth. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom had other policies that put it at odds with Beijing. Seven million German dead, including the five hundred thousand killed by the Allied bombing campaign. Although keeping accurate records was something imperial China traditionally did very well, the decentralized nature of the imperial war effort (relying on regional forces) and the fact that the war was a civil war and therefore very chaotic, meant that reliable figures are impossible to find. mounted Russian Cossacks in defeating and humiliating both the Qing The rebels were relatively well-equipped with modern weapons. It initiated the idea of "total war" - every citizen living within the boundaries of the Heavenly Kingdom was trained to fight, thus civilians on either side could expect no mercy from the opposing army. The Jintian Uprising that started it all has a prominent place on the "Monument to the People's Heroes" that stands today in Tiananmen Square, central Beijing. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/what-was-the-taiping-rebellion-195606. Four months before the fall of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Hong Xiuquan abdicated in favor of his eldest son, Hong Tianguifu, who was 15 years old. This group did not acknowledge the Qing dynasty as legitimate, and it [77] Munitions partially sourced from Western manufacturers and military stores were smuggled into China, mainly by English and Americans. During the 19th century, the Qing did not describe the conflict as either a civil war or a movement because doing so would have lent credibility to the Taiping. After moving down the Yangtze River and recapturing the strategic city of Anqing, Zeng's forces besieged Nanjing during May, 1862. This is a Premium document. The Ever-Victorious Army repulsed another attack on Shanghai in 1862 and helped to defend other treaty ports such as Ningbo, reclaimed on May 10. Hungarian (Habsburg), British, French, and Italian infantry, as well as Socially and economically, the Taiping rebels came almost exclusively from the lowest classes. Simple . In terms of deaths, the civil war is comparable to World War I. It was marked by a high level of discipline and fanaticism. The army's organization was allegedly inspired by that of the Qin dynasty. [71] Jonathan Spence claimed that a key reason for the Taiping's defeat was its inability to coordinate its rebellion with other rebellions. Zeng Guofan had initially failed so badly that he attempted suicide, but he then adopted the teachings of the 16th century Ming-dynasty general Qi Jiguang. The scholar Jian Youwen is among those who refer to the rebellion as the "Taiping Revolutionary Movement" on the grounds that it worked towards a complete change in the political and social system, rather than working towards the replacement of one dynasty with another. Rumi The subjunctive mood is in its death throes, and the best thing to do is to put it out of its misery as soon as possible. The most significant effect of the Taiping Revolt was loss of life. [58] Most of the deaths were attributed to plague and famine. [46][47], In 1853, Hong Xiuquan withdrew from active control of policies and administration to rule exclusively by written proclamations. Poem on Executing the Evil and Preserving the Righteous. After fighting the bloodiest civil war in world history, with over 20 million dead, the established Qing government won decisively, although at a great price to its fiscal and political structure. In English, the Heavenly Kingdom of Peace has often been shortened to simply the Taipings, from the word "Peace" in the Heavenly Kingdom of Peace, but it was never a term that either the Taipings or their enemies used to refer to them. Expansion - Its most significant territorial gain was the Louisiana Territory, bought from. The peasants, having suffered floods and famines in the late 1840s, were ripe for rebellion, which came under the leadership of Hong Xiuquan. Very few Taiping rebels, even in the leadership caste, came from the imperial bureaucracy. And so on and so on and so on, all the way back to the Garden when Cain killed Abel. Franz H. Michael, wrote that these armies evolved into armies used by local warlords who dominated China after the fall of the Qing dynasty. "What Was the Taiping Rebellion?" [64], Du Wenxiu, who led the Panthay Rebellion in Yunnan, was in contact with the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. | Sitemap |, Quotes About Finding Someone New And Moving On. [78] Just before his execution, Taiping Loyal King Li Xiucheng advised the Qing to buy, and to learn how to replicate, the best foreign cannon and gun carriages to prepare for war with foreign powers. I slay the evil, preserve the righteous, and relieve the people's suffering. Hong Xiuquan's teachings and the famine sparked a January 1851 uprising in Jintian (now called Guiping), which the government quashed. Since the rebellion began in Guangxi, Qing forces allowed no rebels speaking its dialect to surrender. [73] The Taiping government proved especially welcoming to Western missionaries. [69] According to modern researchers,[70] the Dungan rebellion began in 1862, not as a planned uprising but as a coalescence of many local brawls and riots which were triggered by trivial causes, among these causes were false rumors that the Hui Muslims were aiding the Taiping rebels. It ranks as one of the bloodiest wars in human history, the bloodiest civil war, and the largest conflict of the 19th century. The sixteen million of the First World War, over four million in Vietnam, forty million to the Mongol conquests, three and a half million to the Hundred Years War, the fall of Rome took seven million, the Napoleonic Wars took four million, twenty million to the Taiping Rebellion. New York: Putnam, 1967. p. 109, Purcell, Victor. That's all. Dingling was destroyed during a Qing campaign in 1868. In May 1860, the Taiping defeated the imperial forces that had been besieging Nanjing since 1853, eliminating them from the region and opening the way for a successful invasion of southern Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, the wealthiest region of the Qing Empire. Religion is like a virus, it gets into people's minds and could cause some pretty serious harm if allowed to flourish without checks and balanc. Certain I am, that Christian Religion does no where allow Rebellion. [51] Some of his followers escaped or were released and continued the fight against the Qing. Copyright 2023 Famous Quotes & Sayings. Among the Navy's commanders was the Hang King Tang Zhengcai. Among the imperial forces was the elite Ever Victorious Army, consisting of Chinese soldiers led by a Western officer corps (see Frederick Townsend Ward and Charles Gordon) and supplied by European arms companies like Willoughbe & Ponsonby. Anti-Western uprising erupted throughout China, undertaken by groups Combat was always bloody and extremely brutal, with little artillery but huge forces equipped with small arms. [118] According to Clarke, this refusal of cooperation and Taiping's occupation of Ningpo in December led to the limited intervention against the rebellion by the British and French in the following years. Other "Flag Gangs" armed with the latest weapons, disintegrated into bandit groups that plundered remnants of the Lan Xang kingdom. It abolished private ownership of property, in an interesting foreshadowing of Mao's communist ideology. 112 matching entries found. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Biography of Sun Yat-sen, Chinese Revolutionary Leader, Qing Dynasty, China's Last Imperial Family, The Red Turban Rebellion in China (1351-1368), Biography of Mao Zedong, Father of Modern China, J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. [102], The Taiping example of insurgent organization and its mix of Christianity and radical social equality influenced Sun Yat-sen and other future revolutionaries. Though the destruction of idols was initially welcomed by foreign missionaries, missionaries eventually came to fear the zealotry of the Taiping that they had a hand in creating. The Taiping army pressed north into Hunan following the Xiang River, besieging Changsha, occupying Yuezhou, and then capturing Wuchang in December 1852 after reaching the Yangtze River. The sixteen million of the First World War, over four million in Vietnam, forty million to the Mongol conquests, three and a half million to the Hundred Years War, the fall of Rome took seven million, the Napoleonic Wars took four million, twenty million to the Taiping Rebellion. It lasted for some 14 years (1850-64), ravaged 17 provinces, took an estimated 20 million lives, and irrevocably altered the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). territory. Phillip E. Johnson Oberon "Holy revelations Druidman! [68], The other Muslim rebellion, the Dungan revolt, was the reverse: it was not aiming to overthrow the Qing dynasty because its leader Ma Hualong had accepted an imperial title. Qing infighting Contemporary accounts describe the amount of desolation which befell rural areas as a result of the conflict. Although Hong likely died of his illness, suicide by poison has also been suggested. 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