On the scientific front, there has been a notable increase in volcanic-cloud research since Eyjafjallajkull and the Cordon Caulle long-lived ash plume of 2011. and JavaScript. As with the semi-structured interviews conducted in 2010, the 2016 open interviews were audio recorded with consent and transcribed by the authors. Together, these eruptions caused considerable damage and ongoing challenges to local residents (Bird and Gsladttir, 2012). In: Fearnley CJ, Bird DK, Haynes K, Mcguire WJ, Jolly G (eds) Observing the volcano world: volcano crisis communication. To be effective, warnings need to be clear, precise and consistent as people will focus on minor points of inconsistency to support their decision to reject proposed actions (Drabek, 1999). This evacuation was warranted as the summit eruption, located under the glacier, produced medium-sized jkulhlaups to the north and small jkulhlaups to the south. Given the South attracts the highest number of visitors outside the capital region (Bird et al., 2016), it is safe to assume that the changes in livelihood are a reflection of changes in the South. Responses to the event (international and domestic) - Immediate and long term Eyjafjallajokull is in Iceland, and is an example of a major volcanic eruption. long term responses. Furthermore, earlier response plans were centred on a Katla eruption rather than a response to an Eyjafjallajkull eruption. In: Fearnley CJ, Bird DK, Haynes K, Mcguire WJ, Jolly G (eds) Observing the Volcano World: Volcano Crisis Communication. Bass101568. Also, there was much media focus on a Katla eruption being generated because of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to human research ethics agreements but may be made available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. [Initially] it had not been established as on Fimmvruhls but [we knew it was on the] east [side]. This positive experience enabled compliance with subsequent evacuation notices when the second stage of the eruption began at the summit of Eyjafjallajkull. Total number of people employed in main and second jobs held outside the capital region and within the farming (crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities) and tourism sectors (Statistics Iceland, 2017c). One long-term effect of volcanic ash is silicosis. How many people are stranded after the eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull. Respondents reflected that they simply dealt with the situation at-hand knowing that it wouldnt last forever. Google Scholar, Drabek TE (1999) Understanding disaster warning responses. Long term effects Areas of farmland covered in ash or washed away Learn. The data presented here clearly shows that the success of the 2010 evacuations, which were a risk mitigation intervention, is no differentfrom the integrated approach employed during the 2005 hazard assessment (Gumundsson and Gylfason, 2005), the 2006 evacuation exercise (Bird et al., 2009b), the 2010 meetings and throughout the 2010 response (Bird et al., 2018), to the South regions communities where neighbours interact relatively frequently due to their beliefs, values and activities. Significantly, this paper links together longitudinal research that spans more than a decade capturing an at-risk populations perspectives of: inherited knowledge, hazard assessments, risk mitigation strategies including a fullscale evacuation exercise; to their response during and perspectives of a volcanic crisis. Google Scholar, Mileti DS, Sorensen JH (1990) Communication of emergency public warnings: a social science perspective and state-of-the-art assessment. Most respondents were aged 50+ years and were farmers (Table 1). And it was on a Saturday night and we had a phone call from our youngest son he called and said hey, theres an eruption. Publishers note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. I know most of the people that live here. Stakeholders in the air traffic industry were forced to reevaluate policies, safety standards, and guidelines and to seek new methods for data collection. [My family has lived in this region as] far back as I am able to remember (S). The different coloured blue areas denote the four districts. Bull Volcanol 70:605621, Haynes K, Coates L, Oliveira FDD, Gissing A, Bird D, Honert RVD, Radford D, Darcy R, Smith C (2016) An analysis of human fatalities from floods in Australia 1900-2015. All data was entered into SurveyMonkey and exported into Microsoft Excel for analysis. . People used to be everywhere and its still the same, but now there are 30 times, 100 times more [tourists]. Again, evacuation orders were disseminated via the automated phone alert system with approximately 800 residents complying before daybreak on 14 April 2010. The flooding that threatened a whole area was terrifying and moved us deeply But this was fantastic and magnificent I would not have liked to miss this experience (S). Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland - 2010 Impacts Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland - 2010 Type of Plate Boundary The volcano is situated on a constructive plate boundary between the North American and Eurasian plate . We would be much, much more afraid if somebody told us about the possibility of a huge earthquake in the ocean with the coast with a wave [tsunami]. People talked about the possibility of Eyjafjallajkull [erupting], and we were light-hearted about it you know, saying wow, it can erupt. The 2016 interviews and the preparation of this paper were supported by the Nordic Centre of Excellence for Resilience and Societal SecurityNORDRESS, which is funded by the Nordic Societal Security Programme. In: Rodrguez H, Quarantelli EL, Dynes RR (eds) Handbook of disaster research. This area also lies within the western jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (Humanit Soc Sci Commun) The population is also aging but at the same time, the number of children and youths in the region has decreased while the number of young adults has increased. They told us they needed 2h and after 2h if they hadnt come back we would call them (O). I had a text message from the Civil Defence authorities and I said OK. And then our daughter called. J Volcanol Geoth Res 172:179188, Paveglio TB, Boyd AD, Carroll MS (2017) Re-conceptualizing community in risk research. They called me and said a farmer reported a fire in the glacier, I didnt quite believe it Veurstofa [the Icelandic Meteorological Office] didnt see anything. Most of the survivors evacuated to the neighboring towns and villages, but the community of . It brought us much closer and then I knew also the trust that the people have in us. They can also die from famine, fires and earthquakes which can be related to volcanoes. Iceland is home to multiple volcanoes and so is used to dealing with eruptions. Flexibility in the evacuation plans also helped people cope and residents were impressed with open and transparent communication from officials. There is a glacier above the volcano. The long-term impact proved to be just as catastrophic, as the community never recovered from the lahars that engulfed it. Nevertheless, as Brint (2001; p. 9) highlights, a sense of security in the face of disliked others is deeply characteristic of communal relations. They are just visiting the country; they think its a plus if they can find some volcanoes and maybe have their picture of it. Despite these issues, the majority of respondents believed both evacuations were necessary. (background, Subsequently, a risk map was created that assessed and identified areas around the volcano that was specifically vulnerable if another eruption was going to occur, so people won't choose to build in these . In comparison, specific migration details are not available by municipality, i.e., Statistics Iceland only provides aggregated data at a regional level. Given the immediate need for evacuation, particularly for a catastrophic Katla eruption, these perspectives provide a critical viewpoint of how and why people behave the way they do when faced with a volcanic crisis. 6.8 km. Jan 8, 2023 6:01 pm (GMT +0) (Jan 8, 2023 18:01 GMT) 3.3. comm. Because of this, officials have faith that residents will comply with evacuation orders when given, as they did during the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. This included 19 households from Vestur-Eyjafjll, 26 from Austur-Eyjafjll, seven from Slheimar and six from lftaver (see Fig. Our results here showing an increase in perceived preparedness and decrease in perception of risk associated with damage to property and home may stem from the relatively low impacts of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions and the fact that residents believed they coped moderately well, in general. As evidenced by the results presented here and by Bird et al., (2018), compliance with evacuation orders can be attributed to: trust in the information source; recency of community meetings regarding a potential eruption (i.e., people were able to easily retrieve relevant information from memory); and, a strong desire to abide by social norms (normative beliefs). It is therefore not surprising that people contested the location of some evacuation centres, particularly those located in low-lying regions and old flood channels. Currently, concentration charts have only been adopted for operational use in Europe and the North Atlantic region, as outlined in Volcanic Ash Contingency Plan EUR and NAT Regions. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 27:307316, Thordarson T, Larsen G (2007) Volcanism in Iceland in historical time: volcano types, eruption styles and eruptive history. Based on what we. Risk Anal 20:112, Sorensen JH, Sorensen BV (2007) Community processes: warning and evacuation. All respondents were impacted by ash fall, just over a quarter (26%) were impacted by lahars and 20% were impacted by jkulhlaup. Its more like Hekla erupting. Physical Geography Case Study. Volcanic Ash Contingency Plan EUR and NAT Regions. . Ten years ago the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkul erupted, sending a plume of volcanic ash over nine kilometers into the sky. Despite volcanic eruptions in earlier times, the eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull in April and May 2010 served as a climactic point in aviation history. Overall, the 58 households represent approximately 141 adults and 38 children. These trigger a series of pre-decisional processes that stimulate the receiver to consider their perception of the threat, alternative options for protective action and their perceptions of the relevant stakeholders involved (Lindell and Perry, 2012). Accessed 8 Nov 2016, Statistics Iceland (2017a) Population by municipality, age and sex 1998-2017 - Division into municipalites as of 1 January 2017. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02005.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=813b90ba-b0e0-4863-a995-a9c8bb7e9bbc. I dont think they [Icelandic children] think enough about their own country. During these events they were impacted by jkulhlaup, ash fall, lightning, loud sound blasts and lahars. It would have therefore been more logical to practice it under the new police jurisdiction once it had been created (RT). Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull Volcano burst into life for the first time in 190 years on March 20, 2010. As discussed elsewhere (e.g., Mileti and Sorensen, 1990), friends, family and neighbours were invaluable in communicating official warnings. Scientists had already said many times that Eyjafjallajkull was a lazy crater with rather slow, small eruptions, not much coming out of the crater. Following the collapse of Icelands banking system in October 2008 (Danielsson, 2009), the region has experienced an increase in international migration (growth of 2.54 between 2009 and 2016), as well as that from the capital region (growth of 1.30 between 2011 and 2016), as shown in Fig. Volcano Insurance on vehicles and properties, and research into ash detectors for planes. With respect to the latter, we draw similar data (i.e., from Bird et al., 2011) obtained prior to the eruptions to compare against post-event perceptions. Others chose to stay home because they did not believe the warnings and/or evacuation plan were relevant to them. 7 Iceland's Financial Crisis and Its Causes In October 2008, Iceland nationalized its three largest banks. The first and foremost hazard risk that authorities focus on is jkulhlaup, as emphasised in historical accounts, the 2006 evacuation exercise, and most recent meetings. Despite volcanic eruptions in earlier times, the eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull in April and May 2010 served as a climactic point in aviation history. This evacuation could be listed as disorganised (A-E). Hence, respondents know the person as a neighbour or as a rescue team member rather than a sweeper. It is much easier for me to have the people in the same areabecause if someone gets heart attack, if someone gets hurt, its very difficult to help them Maybe you have to stay in your isolated farm for many days (O). The decision to omit Skgar was based on the fact that it is located further from the eruption site than other communities in Austur- Eyjafjll and it is not situated in a jkulhlaup hazard zone for an Eyjafjallajkull or Katla eruption. J Behav Med 10:481500, Wisner B, Blaikie P, Cannon T, Davis I (2004) At risk: natural hazards, peoples vulnerability, and disasters. Spectacular drone footage of long dormant Iceland volcano erupting | ITV News Subscribe to ITV News on YouTube: http://bit.ly/2lOHmNj Get breaking news an. , specific migration details are not available by municipality, i.e., Statistics Iceland only provides aggregated data at regional! Die from famine, fires and earthquakes which can be related to.... 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